英语语法就是英语组词、造句的规则,可大致分为两部分:词法和句法,因为写作、口语、阅读等部分都是以语法为基础展开的,因此掌握语法对提升整体英语水平是非常重要的。
语法结构图

动词

动词是用来表示动作或状态的词汇,属于英语中最重要的词类,因此首先进行介绍。

动词的分类

  • 系动词
    系动词也称联系动词(Link Verb),虽然系动词本身有词义,但它不能单独用作谓语,后边必须跟表语(常为adj./adv.),构成系表结构来说明主语的状态、性质、特征。系动词可分为两类:
    完全系动词:am, is, are
    由实义动词转变来的系动词:seem, feel, sound, smell等

  • 助动词
    助动词是用来辅助实义动词的,和实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态等形式,也用于构成否定句和疑问句。
    助动词有do, have, has等。

  • 情态动词
    情态动词本身有一定的词义,但不能独立作谓语,只能和实义动词一起构成谓语。
    情态动词有can, must, may等,主要用法有:
    表达能力:I can read this section in English.
    表达态度或语气:You should obey the school rules.
    表示推测:He may know the answer to this question.

  • 实义动词
    实义动词为表示具体动作含义的动词,又分为及物动词和不及物动词。

  • 及物动词(vt.)
    及物动词后面必须跟宾语,主要有以下三种句型:
    主+谓+宾:最常见的形式。
    主+谓+间接宾语(sb)+直接宾语(sth):这种形式也叫做“双宾语”,间接宾语通常是人,直接宾语通常是物,可简单理解为“给某人某物”。
    eg: He handed me the book over there.(他把那边的书递给我了)
    主+谓+宾+宾补:这种形式和双宾语的不同在于,宾补是用来补充说明宾语的,宾补和宾语之间具有密切的关系;而直接宾语和间接宾语间则没有什么联系。双宾语一般是v.+ sb.+ sth.,宾补则是v.+ sb./sth.+ adv./adj. (让某人做某事、使某人怎么样..)
    宾补eg: They asked me to go fishing with them. / I kept the room warm.

  • 不及物动词(vi.)
    某些不及物动词本身意义完整,后面不需要跟宾语,主要用于主谓结构。
    eg: I will wait until you come back.
    若不及物动词后需要跟宾语,则必须在其后面加上介词,再接宾语。
    eg: I will wait for him until you come back.

动词的时态

时态是指动词在各种时间条件下的形式,具体可分为“时”和“态”。
“时”:动作发生的时间,可分为现在、过去、将来、过去将来。
“态”:动作的状态,分为一般态、进行态、完成态、将来态。
“时”和“态”两两组合,即构成了英语中的16种时态。

现在 过去 将来 过去将来
一般时 do, does, am, is, are did, was, were will/shall do, be going to do should/would do,
was/were going to do
进行时 am/is/are doing was/were doing will/shall be doing should/would be doing
完成时 has/have done had done will/shall have done should/would have done
完成进行时 has/have been doing had been doing will/shall have been doing should/would have been doing

注1:在将来时中,shall只用于主语是第一人称的情况,will则可用于任何人称。
注2:在过去将来时中,should只用于主语是第一人称的情况,would则可用于任何人称。
注3:上表中加粗的是较为常用的时态,在写作和口语中需要能熟练运用,而其他的能够在阅读和听力中识别即可。

现在时

  • 一般现在时
    do, does, am, is, are
    1、表示经常性、习惯性的动作。
    2、表示普遍真理和自然规律。
    3、用在格言警句中。
    Failuer is never quite so frightening as regret.(比失败更令人恐惧的是懊悔)

  • 现在进行时
    am/is/are doing
    1、表示目前正在进行的动作。
    2、现在进行表将来,包括come, go, stay, arrive, leave等转移动词,以及fly, walk, ride, drive, take(a bus/a taxi)等表示交通工具、行程安排的动词。
    I’m going.(我要走了) / I’m coming.(我要来了)

  • 现在完成时
    has/have done sth.
    1、表示截止到目前已经完成的动作。
    2、在时间状语从句中,现在完成时可以表将来。
    When you have rested, I’ll show you the garden.(等你休息好后,我带你去看看花园)

  • 现在完成进行时
    have/has been doing sth.
    表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直持续到现在,并有可能持续到将来。
    因为完成进行时更强调动作的持续性,所以其只能用于延续性动词,而不能用于瞬时性动词。
    和现在完成时的区别:

    完成进行时强调动作持续的过程(emphasis on duration),现在完成时则强调动作的结果或成就(emphasis on achievement)。具体来讲,现在完成进行时have been doing强调在一段时期内某项活动的持续性,强调的是动作本身。现在完成时have done则是强调动作产生的结果,而非动作本身。二者的这种区别可通过下面的例句来感受:
    a. My hands are very dirty. I’ve been painting the house.
    b. I have painted the house green. The house was white, but now it’s green.

过去时

  • 一般过去时
    did, was, were
    1、表示过去某个时间点发生的动作或存在的状态;
    2、表示过去某个时间段经常性、习惯性的动作
    3、谈到已故的人的情况时
    4、用一般过去时表委婉语气,主要有两类情况:
    表示想要、希望等意义的词:want, hope, wondered
    We wanted to to paly on the playground.
    情态动词couled, would
    Could I ask about the pay?

  • 过去进行时
    was/were doing sth.
    表示在过去某一时间正在进行的动作

  • 过去完成时
    had done sth.
    1、表示截止到过去某一时间点已经完成的动作。
    2、在定语从句中,如果叙述的是过去的事,先发生的动作用过去完成时。

将来时

  • will do表将来
    最普通、最自然(spontaneous)的表达方式:对将来的情况作一般说明;表示意愿、保证等。
    It will help you a lot.
    I will buy it.
    注:shall一般用的很少,只在疑问句中和I/we连用:shall + ? + I/we
    It looks heavy. Shall I help you? (不能用Will I)

  • be going to do
    1、表示已经计划好的事
    I’m going to have a meet with Tom.
    2、表示基于当前情况、不久就会发生的事情
    Look at the black clouds! It’s going to rain.
    I feel bad and I am going to be sick.

  • be doing表将来(现进表将来)
    与be going to do类似,同样表示已计划好的事。
    I’m meeting him for lunch on the 17th.
    “We are meeting tomorrow anyway” -by Tim
    注:be doing常和特定的日期/时间点连用,因为比be going to do短,所以与日期连用不会说太多单词,表达起来更方便。

  • Present simple(一般现在时表将来)
    用于timeables(时刻表),表示一种regualar的意思。(用will do也没错,但用一般现在时更好)
    The film starts at 10pm.

  • will be doing(将来进行时)
    将来某个时间点正在进行的动作,强调一种正在进行的状态。

  • will have done(将来完成式)
    将来某个时间点前已经完成的动作,强调完成。

  • will have been doing(将来完成进行时)
    很少用,基本不会用

一般过去将来时

should/would do sth., was/were going to do sth.
1、表示在过去来看将要发生的动作
He thought books with cartoon illustrations would be more accessible to pupils.(他认为带有卡通图画的课本孩子们会更容易接受)

2、过去将来时的一个重要用法是虚拟语气,这部分将在虚拟语气部分再具体介绍。

口语/写作中的高频时态用法

  • used to do sth.:过去常常做但现在不做了。

  • It was the first time that...:那是我第一次…,后接过去完成时。
    I’ll never forget this trip because it was the first time that I had traveled withou family.

  • would rather do than do:宁愿…而不愿…,注意两个动词都要用原型
    As a result, people would rather buy new products than spend a large amount of money on repairing old ones.

被动语态

动词的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,直接使用动词原形作为谓语,然后在该动词的基础上施加时态等语法;
被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,以be + 及物动词过去分词作为谓语,时态则通过be的不同形式来展现。
被动语态时态变化图

  • 被动语态在口语/写作中的应用
    被动语态常用作强调动作的承受者,或者出于一些修辞的需要,或者用于转换人称以丰富句型结构。
    eg: He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience.(他出现在舞台上,收到了观众热烈的欢迎。修辞的需要,且句型更丰富)
    eg: The old professor gave a lecture on American history and was well received.(这位老教授作了一个有关美国历史的讲座,受到了大家热烈的欢迎)

虚拟语气

语气是一种动词形式,用以表示说话的意图和态度。

  • 英语中的三种语气
    陈述语气:陈述语气用来陈述事实、提出疑问、表达感叹等,可以是肯定句/否定句/疑问句/感叹句。
    祈使语气:祈使语气用于表示请求、命令或警告。其实句的主语是听话的人(you),通常省略。
    祈使句肯定结构中一律用动词原形,否定结构在动词原形前加don’t。
    eg: Go and wash your hands.(去洗你的手——表命令)
    Watch your steps.(走路小心——警告)
    虚拟语气:虚拟语气是表示假设意义的动词形式,即所说的并不是事实,通常表示主观愿望、假设或建议

虚拟语气在条件状语从句中的用法

虚拟语气最常见的用法是在条件状语从句中,表示一种与事实相反的假设意义:“如果…就…”,根据是与现在/过去/将来的事实相反,谓语动词分为以下三种结构:

从句谓语(带if的句子) 主句谓语
与现在事实相反 一般过去式
(did, be的过去式用were)
should/would/could/might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 should/would/could/might have + 动词原形
与将来事实相反 should + 动词原形
were + 动词不定式
should/would/could/might + 动词原形
  • 与现在事实相反
    If he studied at this school, he wouldd know you well.(如果他在这所学校学习的话,他会对你很熟悉)

  • 与过去事实相反
    If I had seen the film, I would have told you about it.(如果我看过这场电影,我早就把电影内容告诉你了)

  • 与将来事实相反
    与将来事实相反是指:将来发生的可能性很小或者虽有可能发生但说话人主观上不希望发生。
    If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.

  • 省略if的用法
    如果从句的动词是were或谓语动词含有had/should,可将谓语动词中的if省略。这时从句要使用倒装语序,把were, had, should置于句首。
    eg: Were I at school again, I would study harder.
    eg: Had it not been for the bad weather yesterday, we would have arrived on time.(如果不是昨天糟糕的天气,我们就准时到了)

  • 含蓄条件句
    指虚拟语气没有具体地表示出来,而是暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文中,这种句子叫含蓄条件句。常用词有:without, but for, otherwise等。
    eg: Without electricity, human life would be quite different today.(如果没有电,人们如今的生活将会有很大不同。与现在事实的相反,因此用would be)

  • 虚拟语气表建议
    eg: He suggests that we should all go to see the film.(他建议我们都去看电影)

虚拟语气用法的固定搭配

  • 利用虚拟语气提建议
    It is essential that sb. should do sth.:某人很有必要做某事,essential还可用important等词代替。
    eg: It is essential that we (should) learn a foreign language.
    It is high time that sb. did sth.:某人早该做某事了,表示“早该做,但还没做”的事情。
    eg: I think it is high time for government did something to address the problem.(我认为政府早该做些什么来解决这个问题)
    suggest that sb. should do sth. to...:建议某人做某事来…

  • 利用虚拟语气从反面论述
    If it had not been for..., sb. could not have done sth.:如果没有…,某人不可能…
    eg: Take the famous scientist Thomas Edison for example. If it had not been for confidence, he could not have succeeded in producing the first electric lamp after thounsands of times of failure.(以著名的科学家托马斯.爱迪生为例。如果没有自信心,他不可能在失败了无数次之后成功制造出了世界上第一台电灯)
    Without sth., sb. would do.../sb. could have done sth.:如果没有…,某人将…/某人早该…
    eg: Without Internet, we would be deprived of the access to the outside world and we could not communicate with each other conveniently no matter how far we are apart.(如果没有互联网,我们将会与外界世界隔离开,我们也不可能不管相隔多远都能这么方便地相互交流)
    Without sth.还可替换为Were it not for sth.

非谓语动词

非谓语动词是动词的非谓语形式,顾名思义,其在句子中不能充当谓语,但除了谓语的其他成分非谓语动词都可以充当,恰当地使用非谓语动词,可以使句子更精炼、结构更丰富。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词四种
不定式:to do形式,具有n./adj./adv.的特征,可充当除了谓语的所有其他句子成分。
动名词:doing形式,具有n.的特征,就相当于是个名词,直接当作名词使用就行了。
分词:现在分词为doing,过去分词为done,分词具有adj./adv.的特征,将其当作形容词/副词来使用即可。

非谓语动词作主语

非谓语动词作主语可以避免人称的重复。

  • 不定式作主语
    不定式作主语表示一种“预期”的动作。
    Parents are firmly convinced that to send their children to nursery school will have favourable influence on the growth of children.(家长们确信将孩子送到幼儿园对孩子们的成长有利)
    It is essential/important to do sth.:不定式作形式主语也非常常见。
    It is quite common these days for young people to have a break from studing after graduating from high school.(高中毕业之后暂停学业一段时间在当今的年轻人中很常见)

  • 动名词作主语
    动名词作主语没有什么特殊含义,就是表示动作的名词含义。
    Living in school can save me a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday.(住在学校能节省我往返于家里和学校的很多时间)

非谓语动词作定语

恰当地使用非谓语动词作定语可以使句子更精炼、句子结构更丰富。

  • 不定式作定语:不定式放在名词后作后置定语
    表示将来的动作:The next train to arrive is from Washington.
    表动宾关系:I have much work to do.

  • 动名词作定语
    动名词作定语和其修饰的名词没有逻辑关系,仅仅表示名词的性质、用途
    washing machine:洗衣机

  • 现在分词作定语
    现在分词表示主动的、正在进行的动作
    单个现在分词作前置定语,现在分词短语作后置定语。
    Aid should be given to developing country.
    Students going abroad can access to another culture.
    I am a student majoring in Computer Science and Technology.

  • 过去分词作定语
    过去分词表示被动的、已经完成的动作
    单个过去分词作前置定语,过去分词短语作后置定语。
    Polluted air and water are harmful to people’s health.
    The extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.(业余工作挣来的钱将会强有力地支持学生继续他们的学业)

非谓语动词作状语

不定式作状语通常起到“连接”两个句子的作用,可以使句子间的关系更紧凑。

  • 表目的:不定式表目的。
    Goverments ought to make efforts to reduce the incresing gap between cities and countryside.(政府应该努力缩小日益增大的城乡差距)

  • 表结果
    现在分词表结果:表示事情的影响/作用,可起到非限制性定语从句的作用。
    Smoking is an addictive menace, posing a health hazard not only for smokers but also for people surrounding them.(吸烟是一种让人上瘾的恶习,不仅对吸烟者的健康构成威胁,同时也会危机他们周围的人)
    posing a health hazard充当结果状语,也可用定从代替which poses a health hazard...
    不定式表结果:通常只限于learn, find, to be told, see等具有“获知”意义的动词,表示一种意料之外的结果。
    He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.

  • 表原因:
    通常用于分词,现在分词表示主动关系,过去分词表示被动关系。
    Deeply influenced by excessive violence on th Internet, some teenagers go astray.(受网络上过多暴力的影响,一些青少年误入歧途)
    Not understanding the relationship between two cases, I asked the lawyer about it.(因为不了解两个案件之间的关系,我咨询了律师)

  • 表让步/转折:
    While enjoying the great benefits brought by the Internet, we have to admit that Internet also has drawbacks.(虽然享受着互联网带来的巨大益处,我们也要承认互联网也有其弊端。while引导了表让步的非谓语动词短语,因为不用写主语,句子更加紧凑)

句法

英语中有三种句子类型:简单句、并列举、主从复合句,八种句子成分:主、谓、宾、表、定、状、补、同位语,接下来分别介绍。

句子成分

主谓宾不再介绍。

  • 表语:位于系动词之后,用于说明主语的性质、特征、状态等。
    His father is a model teacher.(他父亲是一位模范教师)

  • 定语:定语是修饰名词的词、短语或从句,单独一个词作定语放在所修饰词的前面,短语/从句作定语放在修饰词后面(后置定语)。
    There is a stone bridge over the river.(河上有座石桥,stone为定语)

  • 状语:状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的成分,状语可表示时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步等。
    These products are selling quickly.(这些产品十分畅销,quickly为状语)

  • 补语:英语中有些及物动词除了要有宾语之外,还要加上宾语补足语,才能使句子意义完整,宾语和宾语补足语一起构成符合宾语。
    I find English very difficult.(very difficult为补语)
    We elected Peter our monitor yesterday.(昨天我们选举Peter为我们的班长,our monitor为补语)

  • 同位语:同位语跟在名词之后对其进行解释、限定,来说明名词的具体内容。同位语只作解释限定之用,并不影响句子结构,分析句子成分时可以将其去掉。
    Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.(our monitor为同位语,将其去掉并不影响主句结构。)

简单句

简单句就是句子中只有一套主谓结构,句子中各成分是单词或短语充当的(没有从句),因为较简单就再赘述了。

并列句

并列句是多个简单句使用并列连词连在一起的句子(句子间地位是平等的)。
并列句之间有五种连接关系:同等、转折、对比、因果、选择。

  • 同等关系
    and, not only...but also等连词连接起来的,表达一种并列存在的关系。

  • 转折关系
    but连接,表示句子间的转折关系

  • 对比关系
    while, yet, whereas连接,表示句子间的对比(不那么强烈的转折)。
    Some of the changes caused by Internet in family life and education are beneficial while others are advese.(互联网引起了家庭生活和教育行业的改变,一些非常有益,另一些却相反)
    The government has made great efforts to preserve culture legacy, yet there are still many being severly damaged.(政府一直在尽力保护文化遗传,但仍然还有许多正遭受严重的破坏)

  • 因果关系
    because, so, therefore连接的,表示因果关系。

  • 选择关系
    or, otherwise连接的,表达句子的选择关系。
    Are you a vegeterian or do you have any special food requirements?(你是素食主义者吗?或者你有什么特别的食物要求吗?)
    We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we would have called him.(我们不知道他的电话号码,否则就给他打电话了)

主从复合句

主从复合句由主句和从句构成的,从句充当主句中的某种句子成分(从句依赖于主句而存在),从句可以担任除谓语和补语之外的所有句子成分。
从句中的疑问句都要用陈述语序

  • 从句的分类
    从句按照其功能可分为三大类:名词性从句、形容词性从句和副词性从句。
    名词性从句:在句子中起名词的作用,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,这些从句用法上大致相同,在句子中仅仅是所处的位置不同。
    形容词性从句:在句子中起形容词的作用,只有定语从句一种。
    副词性从句:在句子中起负次的作用,只有状语从句一种。

  • 从句的引导词
    主从句的引导词有三种:从属连词、关系代词和关系副词。
    从属连词:仅仅起连接作用,不充当任何句子成分。
    关系代词:除了连接作用,还具有代词的词性,可充当从句中的主语、宾语、定语、表语。
    关系副词:在从句中充当状语。

主语从句

引导词有三种:从属连词、关系代词和关系副词。

  • 从属连词引导主语从句
    that, whetherthat仅仅用于对事情的描述,而whether还有“是否”之意,that和whether在句子中都不充当任何成分。
    That she finished reading an English novel surprised us all.(她读完了一部全英文小说让我们大吃一惊)
    Whether a joke gives pleasure or pain depends on a person’s outlook.(一个笑话会带来快乐还是痛苦取决于一个人的理解)

  • 关系代词引导主语从句
    who, what, which, whoever, whatever, whichever, whom, whose等。
    What the kids need is a peaceful growing environment.(孩子们需要的是一个和平的生长环境)
    Who will be the leader of the team has not been decided yet.(谁会成为这个队的领头人还没定下来)
    Whoever leaves the room last outght to turn off the light.(无论是谁最后一个离开教师都应该关灯)
    Whatever we achieved is attributed to the guidance of our teacher.(无论我们最终取得了什么都归功于我们老师的指导)
    注1:关系代词/副词放句首用于引导从句,且从句需采用陈述语序
    注2:whoever = no matter who, whatever = no matter what, 表达的是一种肯定、确定的语气;而who, what则表达的是一种疑问、不确定的语气,注意体会。

  • 关系副词引导主语从句
    When, where, how, why, whenever, however等。
    When they will start has not been decided yet.(他们还没决定什么时候出发)
    Where we will have our party is not your business.(我们应该在哪开派对跟你没有关系)

  • It作形式主语
    若主语从句太长,为避免头重脚轻,可用It作形式主语放最前面,而将主语从句放后面。
    在写作/口语可用来作连接词,表达观点、看法,常用句型有:
    It is a pity that...:遗憾的是…
    It is true that...:的确…
    It is true that computers have brought our life great conveniences.(的确,计算机给我们生活带来了极大便利)
    It is believed that...:据认为/人们人为…
    It is believed that it is a worthwhile task.(人们认为这是一项值得做的工作)
    It turns out that...:结果证明…
    It turns out that this method does not work well. (结果证明这种方法效果不佳)
    It happened that...:碰巧的是…,常用过去式。
    It happened that he was not there that day.(偏巧那天他不在)
    上述句型都是that作引导词,因此主语从句就是描述一个事实,下面句型则可以接关系代词/副词,表示更丰富的含义。
    It doesn't matter...:…是无所谓/无关紧要的。
    It doesn’t matter to me whether you go or not. (你去或不去,对我都没关系)
    It doesn’t matter where charities get their money from: what counts is what they do with it.(慈善机构从哪里筹得捐款的确无关紧要:关键是钱是怎么花的)
    It makes no difference...:…是毫无区别的。
    It makes no difference who goes. (谁去都一样。)

宾语从句

引导词有三种:从属连词、关系代词和关系副词。

  • 从属连词引导宾语从句
    that, if, whether,that有时可省略(为避免语法错误一律不省略即可),if, whether不能省略。
    从属连词不充当任何句子成分。
    Everyone agrees that we should reply immediately.(所有人都认为我们应该立即做出回应)

  • 关系代词引导宾语从句
    what, who, whom, whose, whatever, whoever, whichever等词。
    Could you tell me who the teacher is?
    The polic were checking up on what the man had told him.

  • 关系副词引导宾语从句
    when, where, why, how, whenever等词。
    Having a car, he can get wherever he wants to go without much trouble.

  • it作形式宾语
    find, feel, believe, think这种表示观点的动词,后面跟宾语补足语,可以用it作形式宾语。
    I find it unbelievable that people can accept this sort of behaviour.(人们竟然能接受这种行为,我感到难以置信)
    I don’t think it unfair that top stars get high income.(我不认为顶级明星获得高收入不公平)

  • 宾语从句的否定转移
    主句的谓语动词是think, believe, suppose, expect类似表示观点的动词,并且主句是第一人称,则从句的否定要转移到主句上来(出于礼貌,英语中常常否定自己,而非否定别人)。
    I don’t think he will come to my party.
    I don’t think it’s a good idea.

表语从句

表语从句的结构比较简单,就是跟在系动词后面,表示主语的性质、特征。

  • 从属连词引导表语从句
    that, whether, as, as if, as though, because,注:if不能引导表语从句。
    My idea is that we should start making preparation right now.(我的想法是我们马上开始做准备工作)
    The question is whether the film is worth seeing again.(问题是这部电影是否值得再看一遍)
    The fact is that he left.(事实是他离开了)

  • 关系代词引导表语从句
    who, whom, whose, what, which
    What I want to know is which plan we should choose.

  • 关系副词引导表语从句
    where, when, how, why, because
    The local welfare office is where the government dispenses many of its services.(当地的福利机构就是政府提供很多服务的地方)
    He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.(他以前看过这部电影,所以他昨天晚上没有去看)
    He did not see the film last night. That is because he had seen it before.

  • 半系动词引导表语从句
    半系动词引导表语从句多和as if连用,使用虚拟语气,表示“好像”的意思。
    The young man with long hair looks as if he were a girl.(那个长头发的年轻人看起来好像一个女孩)
    She seems as if she had done a great thing.(她看起来好像做了一件大事)

定语从句

在主从复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词,充当定语成分的句子称为定语从句。被定从修饰的词称为先行词,定语从句的引导词有关系代词、关系副词和“介词+关系代词”。

  • 关系代词引导定语从句
    that, which, who, whom, whose,注:没有what
    which指代物,who, whom指代人,that, whose指代人和物都可以。
    which, that在从句中担任宾语成分时可以省略,担任主语、定语成分时不能省略。
    关系代词在从句中可充当多种成分:
    作主语:引导词为who, which, that
    Most of the workers who come from the country work much harder.(大部分来自乡村的工人工作都非常努力)
    可与非谓语替换:Most of the workers coming from the country work much harder.
    作宾语:引导词为whom, which, that
    The person (whom) you should write to is Mr.Ball.(你应该写信的那个人是波尔先生)
    注:关系代词在从句中作宾语时,可以省略
    作定语:引导词为whose
    I have a friend whose father is a mayor.(我认识一位父亲是市长的朋友)
    We lived in a house whose window faces south.(我们住在一个窗户朝南的房子里)

  • 关系代词that和which不能互换的情况

  • 关系副词引导定语从句
    when, where, why
    July is the month when the weather is hot.(七月是天气热的时候)
    Do you remember the reason why he left early?(你还记得他早早离开的原因吗?)

  • 介词+关系代词的用法
    I visited the city in which my father had worked for 10 years.(我去了我父亲工作了10年的那座城市)
    Every student should do the assigned tasks for which they are responsible independently.(每个学生都应该独立完成被分配的任务)
    注:当介词短语是固定搭配时,介词短语作为一个整体不能拆开,定语从句还是用“关系代词”引导。
    常见短语有:look for, take care of, listen to, look forward to, break into等,可以主观感受到短语拆开会特别别扭。
    This is the baby whom you will take care of.(这就是你将要照顾的那个婴儿)
    It is the right book that she was looking for.(这就是她一直在寻找的书)

  • 非限制性定语从句
    非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不是很密切,只是对先行词作附加说明,或是将整个主句作为一件“事”来指代。
    非限制性从句和主句间用逗号分隔开,引导词有as, which
    The apple tree, which I planted last year, has not borne any fruit.(这颗苹果树是我去年种下的,还没有结出果实)
    He married her, which was natural.(他和她结婚了,这是很自然的事)
    He changed his mind, which made me very angry.(他改变主意了,这使我很生气)

同位语从句

同位语从句修饰词一般是“抽象”名词,通常有:news, idea, fact, question, doubt, hope, message等,同位语从句用来对抽象名词作解释说明。
注:因为同位语从句有连接词,所以一般不用逗号分隔。

  • 从属连词引导同位语从句
    that, whether,注:if不能引导同位语从句。
    They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.(对你生病这件事,他们都很担心)
    Where did you get the idea that I could not come?(你在哪儿听说我不能来的消息?)

  • 关系代词引导同位语从句
    what, who, which
    I have no idea what size shoes she wears.(我不知道她穿几号的鞋)
    The question who will take his place is still not clear.(谁接替他的位置还不清楚)

  • 关系副词引导同位语从句
    how, when, where
    We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.(到哪儿去度暑假,这个问题我们还没有决定)
    We can’t solve the problem how we can travel faster than light.(我们解决不了如何超过光速这个问题)

  • 分隔式同位语从句
    如果同位语从句的长度大大长于整个主句,或者主句结构非常简单,则同位语从句可以不紧挨着所修饰的名词,而将其放于整个句子的后面,起到平衡句子结构的作用。
    The thought came to her that maybe she had left the door open when she left home.(她突然想起她离开家时可能没把门关上)
    The news got about that he had divorced his wife.

  • 同位语从句的固定搭配
    There be + no doubt that...:毫无疑问的是
    There is no doubt that you will succeed in your scientific research.(毫无疑问你在科研方面会取得成功)
    There is no doubt that Internet has brought our life lots of benefits.(毫无疑问互联网给我们生活带来了巨大的好处)
    on the ground that...:是因为…,= because
    I came to see you on the ground that Mr Anderson said that you were interested in our project.(我前来看你,是因为安德森先生说你对我们的工程很感兴趣)
    with the exception that...:除…之外,还有一种用法是with the exception of...(接词组)
    These components are exactly the same, with the exception that they listen to different JMS topics.(这些组件完全相同,只是它们监听不同的JMS主题)

状语从句

状语从句在主句中作状语,可以修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词。
状语从句根据它们的含义分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、方式、让步、比较这九类,虽然种类较多,但因为状语从句和汉语的结构、用法相似,因此难度不大。关键是要掌握各类状语从句的特殊连接词,在写作和口语中可以使句式更丰富。

  • 时间状语从句
    when, while, after, before:常用引导词。
    till, until:两个词用法相同,都为“直到…,”
    用于肯定句中:He will be working until 5 o’clock.(他将一直工作到五点钟。)表示动作的终点,且动词不能是瞬时性,只能是延续性动词。
    用于否定句中:She didn’t sleep until eight.(她八点钟才睡觉。)表示动作的起点,延续性/瞬时性动词都可以。
    as soon as, the moment, the instant:一旦/一…就…,表示两件事紧接着发生。as soon as用法比较灵活,可用于各种时态中,在句子中的位置也不固定。
    The moment you do this thing, you will lose control.(一旦你做了这件事,你就会失去控制)
    = you will lose control as soon as you do this thing.
    I’ll return the book as soon as I have read it.(我一读完就把书还回去)
    As soon as I went in, Tom cried out with pleasure.(我一进门,Tom就高兴地叫起来)

  • 地点状语从句
    引导词有where, wherever
    A new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre.(一座新的学校在以前的剧院处建成了)

  • 原因状语从句
    because, science:常用引导词,表示“因为”
    Since you have seen both fighters, who do you think will win?(既然两个拳击手你都见过了,你认为谁会赢?)
    = Seeing both fighters, who do you think will win?
    given that, considering that:鉴于/考虑到
    Given that they are inexperienced, they have done a good job.(考虑到他们没有经验,他们已经做的很好了)

  • 条件状语从句
    if, unless:if表示如果,unless表示如果不/除非,= if not
    You will be late if you don’t leave immediately.(你如果不立刻出发的话你就会迟到了)
    = You will be be late unless you leave immediately.
    if引导条件状语从句的时态:有主将从现,主情从现(情态动词),主祈从现(祈使句),虚拟语气这几种情况
    If it stops snowing, we can go out.(如果不下雪了,我们就可以出去了)主情从现
    If Bill comes, ask him to wait for me.(如果Bill来了,告诉他等我下)主祈从现
    If I were you, I would invite him to the party.(如果我是你,我会邀请他参加聚会)虚拟语气
    as long as:“只要…”,时态比较灵活,从句一般现在时,主句可以一般现在时,也可以将来时。
    As long as I deliver the goods, my boss is very happy.(只要我做好本职工作,我的老板就很高兴)
    As long as my heart still beats, I will go on working for the people.(只要我的心脏还在跳动,我就要为人民工作)
    on condition that...:在…的条件下
    I will come on condition that John is invited.(如果约翰被邀请了,我就来)
    He spoke to reporters on condition that he was not identified.(在不披露身份的条件下,他接受了记者的采访)
    supposing that...:假设
    Supposing that you come into a lot of money, what would you do then?(假设你得到许多钱,然后你会怎么办)
    Supposing that white were black, you would be right. (假如白色能变成黑色,那你就是对的了)虚拟语气

  • 目的状语从句
    so that, in order that:目的是/为了…
    John shut everybody out of the kitchen so that he car prepare his grand surprise for the party.(约翰把其他人关在厨房外,目的是烹饪出令人惊喜的东西)
    for fear that, in case...:以免/唯恐…
    He worked hard for fear that he might be fired by the boss.(他拼命地干活惟恐被老板解雇)
    Emergency services were on hand in case there was any trouble.(紧急服务已经就位,以防发生任何问题)

  • 让步状语从句
    though, although:尽管,即使
    They are still working in the field although it’s raining.(虽然在下雨,但他们仍在地里干活。)
    in spite of the fact that...:尽管…
    In spite of the fact that they don’t have a lot of money, they still decided to help him.(尽管他们也没什么钱,但还是决定帮助他)
    In spite of the fact that government has made great efforts to preserve culture legacy, there are still many being severly damaged.(尽管政府一直在尽力保护文化遗传,但仍然还有许多正遭受严重的破坏)

  • 结果状语从句
    so that..., so...that, such...that
    He made such rapid progress that before long he began to write articles in English.(他进步很快,不久后就开始用英语写文章了)

  • 方式状语从句
    as if:好像
    She speaks English fluently as if she were a native speakers.(她讲着流利的英语就像是当地人一样)
    the way...:…的方式
    I won’t talk to her the way Tom did.(我不会像Tom那样和她讲话)

  • 比较状语从句
    as...as, not so...as
    The construction industry is no longer as depressed as it was.(建筑业不再像以往那样萧条了)
    This new transformation is at least as consequential as that one was.(这一新的转变至少和那次一样重要)

强调句

强调句是一种修辞,为了表达自己的意愿和情感,其不属于句子的结构,将强调句成分去掉后,句子依然成立(仅仅是情感没有以前强烈了而已)。
强调句的类型有以下几种:

  • It is/was + 被强调部分 + that/who +其他部分
    It is eating too much junk food that is harmful to people’s health.(正是因为吃了很多垃圾食品人们的健康才会收到损害)
    It is what charities do with the money, ranther than where they get it from that we should be concerned about.(我们应该关心的不是是慈善机构从哪里得到的钱,而是钱是怎么花的)

  • do/did/does + 动词原形
    I do support the idea that :我非常同意…
    I do support the idea that smoking is harmful to people’s health and it violates the rights and freedom of nonsmokers.(我非常赞同吸烟危害人们的健康,并且它侵犯了不吸烟人的自由)
    I do appreciate your timely help.(我非常感谢你的及时帮助)
    Distance-learning programs or attending in a college are all wonderful for individuals if they do really want to acuqire knoeledge.(如果人们真的想学知识,远程教育还是上大学都是不错的方式)

  • 强调句和主语从句的区别
    强调句和主语从句都有It is/was ... that的结构,如何区分呢?
    一是根据句子本身的意思;此外可以将It isthat去掉,如果句子仍然成立,就是强调句;句子不成立就是主语从句。
    因为强调句只起强调作用,并不充当句子结构;而主语从句的It is是句子的形式主语和谓语,that是从属连词,这些都充当了句子结构,因此不能去掉。
    It is stability that destroys people’s ambition and barricades people’s steps.(安稳摧毁了人们的野心、阻挡了人们的脚步)强调句
    It is apparent that smell can evoke strong emotional responses.(很明显气味能唤起强烈的情感反映)主语从句

倒装句

英语中最基本的结构是主、谓结构,倒装就是将这种语序加以颠倒,即谓语在主语前面,用以表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。

完全倒装

完全倒装就是将谓语和主语完全颠倒过来。

  • There be句型
    There be句型就是最常见的完全倒装结构。
    There is a tree in front of the house.

  • 介词短语位于句首时
    介词短语位于句首用于强调介词短语,这时要用完全倒装。
    In front of the house stands a tree.(房前有一个树)
    Along the dusty road came a group of tourists.(沿着尘土飞扬的路来了一对旅客)

部分倒装

部分倒装只是将助动词、情态动词提到主语前面,实义动词还是放在正常位置。

  • only + 状语放句首,后面的句子要部分倒装。
    Only in this way can we finish the work.(只有这样,我们才能完成工作)
    Only after I had read the letter did I realize that I had misunderstood him.(看了信之后我才意识到我误解了他)
    Only when students are educated to behave well, can the sound progress of society be maintained, and positive social oreder be established.(只有教育好学生,才能使社会保持良性发展,建立积极向上的社会秩序)

  • as, though引导的让步状语从句可以用部分倒装,但提前是被强调的部分,而不是助动词。
    Child as he is, he is very brave.(他虽然是个孩子,但非常勇敢)
    Tired as he was yesterday, he finished the task on time.(尽管他昨天很疲惫,但还是按时完成了工作)

独立主格结构

独立主格结构由逻辑主语和逻辑谓语构成,其主语和主句的主语并不相同,作为句子的一个独立结构而存在。
逻辑主语可以为名词或代词,逻辑谓语可以为分词、不定式、形容词、副词、介词短语等,注意其没有真正的谓语。
非谓语动词在句子中作为状语而存在,大多可以转化为普通的状语形式,之所以将其单独抽出来是为了更好地对状语进行强调

  • 正常形式的独立主格结构
    Time permitting, I will go to see you.(时间允许的话,我会去看你)主语+现在分词构成独立主格结构。
    The last guest to arrive, our party will start.(等最后一个客人来了,派对就开始)主语+不定式。
    The meeting over, people soon left the metting room.(会议结束后,人们很快离开了会议室)主语+副词
    独立主格和非谓语动词作状语的不同:非谓语动词的主语和主句的主语是相同的,而独立主格的主语和主句是不同的。

  • with/without引导的独立主格结构
    这种结构多用作伴随状语,表示状态。
    He stood in the rain, with his clothes wet.(他站在雨里,衣服都湿了)
    With his homework done, Tom went out to party.(做完作业后Tom去参加派对了)
    The boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.(要做很多作业,男孩看上去很不开心)
    这种结构在写作中也经常用到:
    With the steady growth in the country’s economy as well as the people’s living standard, people attach more importance to education.(随着国家经济的增长和人民生活水平的提高,人们更加重视教育)表示一种趋势、趋向
    With the average temperature continuously rising, glaceries begin to melt and sea level gets higher than before.(随着平均气温的不断升高,冰川开始融化,海平面比以前上升了)
    Recently, this phenomenon has been brought to public attention, with people stading on both sides.(近来这个现象得到了公众的关注,人们持两种对立的观点)


Post Date: 2018-01-14

版权声明: 本文为原创文章,转载请注明出处